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GLP-1 medicines

6 reviewed claim records · 20 linked source receipts Inspect source receipts

last reviewed Oct 11, 2026

Maturity: source checked

Headline claim

Adults with type 2 diabetes (8 CVOTs) · Outcome: MACE; all-cause mortality; HF hospitalization; kidney composite

Confidence applies to this claim and context.

AttentionNot assessedNo current independent attention assessment

EvidenceNo mapped studiesNo reviewed experiment families currently mapped

ConfidenceNot assessedFor: In people with type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis of eight placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials (60,080 patients) found that GLP-1 receptor agonists as a group reduced major cardiovascular events by 14% (hazard ratio 0.86), along with all-cause death, heart-failure hospitalization and a kidney composite.. No current reviewed confidence assessment for this claim.

The GapAttention not measured

Attention describes reviewed public attention, evidence shows study types, and confidence applies only to the stated claim. There is no overall score.

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Why we checked it

Most of the attention sits on the individual drug pages. In September 2026, English Wikipedia's Semaglutide, Retatrutide and Tirzepatide articles had 38,937, 35,139 and 34,205 views, against 863 for the class article. Research volume is high: 304 PubMed records mentioning GLP-1 receptor agonists in the 30 days to Oct 11 2026. ClinicalTrials.gov lists 635 recruiting, active or not-yet-recruiting studies that name a GLP-1 medicine as an intervention. That reflects steady scale, not a spike.

Here's where it actually stands

GLP-1 medicines act on the receptor for GLP-1, a hormone the gut releases after eating. They boost insulin when blood sugar is high, slow stomach emptying and reduce appetite. Older injectables include exenatide, liraglutide and dulaglutide; semaglutide is newer. Tirzepatide also acts on a second gut-hormone receptor, and the experimental retatrutide on three. Orforglipron (Foundayo) is a pill approved for weight management in April 2026. In the US, several are approved for type 2 diabetes, and some for weight management; retatrutide is not. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal. Labels for semaglutide, tirzepatide and orforglipron carry a boxed thyroid-tumor warning based on rodent studies of GLP-1 drugs, plus pancreatitis and gallbladder warnings. One drug's results are not assumed to apply to the whole group.

What we know

What we don't know

Do GLP-1 medicines reduce risky drinking in people with alcohol use disorder?

Claims

In people with type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis of eight placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials (60,080 patients) found that GLP-1 receptor agonists as a group reduced major cardiovascular events by 14% (hazard ratio 0.86), along with all-cause death, heart-failure hospitalization and a kidney composite. · headlineAdults with type 2 diabetes (8 CVOTs) · Outcome: MACE; all-cause mortality; HF hospitalization; kidney compositeConfidence: Not assessed · source checked

Would change this claim: If SURMOUNT-MMO (NCT05556512) or TRIUMPH-Outcomes (NCT06383390) is null on its primary cardiovascular endpoint, we would say obesity-related cardiovascular benefit is drug-specific (shown for semaglutide only) rather than a property of the class.

Source: Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. · PMID 34425083 · Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol · Abstract, Findings: MACE HR 0.86 (95% CI 0.80-0.93); mortality HR 0.88; HF hospitalization HR 0.89; kidney HR 0.79 · Verify ↗

In adults with obesity and no diabetes, average weight loss versus placebo over 68-72 weeks differed by drug: semaglutide injection 14.9% vs 2.4% (STEP 1), tirzepatide 15.0-20.9% vs 3.1% (SURMOUNT-1), orforglipron 7.5-11.2% vs 2.1% (ATTAIN-1). Only one trial compared two of these directly (tirzepatide vs semaglutide, SURMOUNT-5), so cross-trial numbers should not be ranked.Adults with obesity (or overweight with a complication), without diabetes · Outcome: Percent change in body weightConfidence: Not assessed · source checkedSource: Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. · PMID 33567185 · N Engl J Med · STEP 1 abstract: -14.9% vs -2.4%; SURMOUNT-1 abstract: -15.0/-19.5/-20.9% vs -3.1%; ATTAIN-1 abstract: -7.5/-8.4/-11.2% vs -2.1%; SURMOUNT-5 abstract: -20.2% vs -13.7% · Verify ↗Source: Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. · PMID 35658024 · N Engl J Med · STEP 1 abstract: -14.9% vs -2.4%; SURMOUNT-1 abstract: -15.0/-19.5/-20.9% vs -3.1%; ATTAIN-1 abstract: -7.5/-8.4/-11.2% vs -2.1%; SURMOUNT-5 abstract: -20.2% vs -13.7% · Verify ↗Source: Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. · PMID 40353578 · N Engl J Med · STEP 1 abstract: -14.9% vs -2.4%; SURMOUNT-1 abstract: -15.0/-19.5/-20.9% vs -3.1%; ATTAIN-1 abstract: -7.5/-8.4/-11.2% vs -2.1%; SURMOUNT-5 abstract: -20.2% vs -13.7% · Verify ↗Source: Orforglipron, an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Obesity Treatment. · PMID 40960239 · The New England journal of medicine · STEP 1 abstract: -14.9% vs -2.4%; SURMOUNT-1 abstract: -15.0/-19.5/-20.9% vs -3.1%; ATTAIN-1 abstract: -7.5/-8.4/-11.2% vs -2.1%; SURMOUNT-5 abstract: -20.2% vs -13.7% · Verify ↗

In people without diabetes, the completed placebo-controlled trial showing fewer heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths is SELECT: semaglutide in adults with established cardiovascular disease and overweight or obesity. Tirzepatide separately reduced a heart-failure outcome in people with HFpEF and obesity (SUMMIT). Neither result is assumed to apply to the other drugs.Adults with established CVD and overweight/obesity, no diabetes · Outcome: MACE-3Confidence: Not assessed · source checkedSource: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. · PMID 37952131 · N Engl J Med · SELECT abstract: MACE HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.72-0.90); SUMMIT abstract: CV death or worsening HF HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.41-0.95) · Verify ↗Source: Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. · PMID 39555826 · N Engl J Med · SELECT abstract: MACE HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.72-0.90); SUMMIT abstract: CV death or worsening HF HR 0.62 (95% CI 0.41-0.95) · Verify ↗

Liraglutide, an earlier GLP-1 drug, lowered the combined rate of cardiovascular death, heart attack or stroke versus placebo in type 2 diabetes (13.0% vs 14.9%; hazard ratio 0.87) over a median of 3.8 years.Adults with T2D at high CV risk · Outcome: MACE-3Confidence: Not assessed · source checkedSource: Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. · PMID 27295427 · N Engl J Med · Abstract, Results: 608/4668 (13.0%) vs 694/4672 (14.9%); HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.97) · Verify ↗Source: Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results · NCT NCT01179048 · Novo Nordisk A/S · Abstract, Results: 608/4668 (13.0%) vs 694/4672 (14.9%); HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.97) · Verify ↗

Not every hoped-for benefit has held up. In two phase 3 trials in early Alzheimer's disease, oral semaglutide did not slow decline versus placebo.Adults with early Alzheimer's disease · Outcome: CDR-SB at 104 weeksConfidence: Not assessed · source checkedSource: Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide […] in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (evoke and evoke+): two phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. · PMID 41865758 · Lancet · Abstract, Findings: p=0.57 and p=0.46 · Verify ↗

Stopping treatment matters. In a randomized withdrawal trial, people switched from tirzepatide to placebo regained much of the weight they had lost. In another trial, people who switched from an injectable to the oral GLP-1 drug orforglipron kept more of their weight loss than those switched to placebo. That trial had no group that stayed on injections.Adults with obesity after initial weight loss · Outcome: Weight regain / maintenanceConfidence: Not assessed · source checkedSource: Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. · PMID 38078870 · JAMA · SURMOUNT-4 abstract: +14.0% on placebo vs -5.5%; ATTAIN-MAINTAIN abstract: 74.7%/79.3% maintained vs 49.2%/37.6% · Verify ↗Source: Orforglipron for maintenance of body weight reduction: the double-blind, randomized phase 3b ATTAIN-MAINTAIN trial. · PMID 42120723 · Nature medicine · SURMOUNT-4 abstract: +14.0% on placebo vs -5.5%; ATTAIN-MAINTAIN abstract: 74.7%/79.3% maintained vs 49.2%/37.6% · Verify ↗

Mapped studies / experiment families

One experiment counts once, even with several registrations or publications. Counts above describe the headline claim.

No reviewed experiment families mapped yet.

Studies & active trials

Only papers and registered trials an editor reviewed for this page. Being listed is not a finding; the claims above say what they show.

Oral Semaglutide for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.PMID 42522065 · DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.20260003Study · Published · Sep 1, 2026 · Am J PsychiatryOpen source ↗

Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide […] in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (evoke and evoke+): two phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trials.PMID 41865758 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00459-9Study · Published · May 30, 2026 · LancetOpen source ↗

Orforglipron for maintenance of body weight reduction: the double-blind, randomized phase 3b ATTAIN-MAINTAIN trial.PMID 42120723 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-026-04386-7Study · Published · May 13, 2026 · Nature medicineOpen source ↗

Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in patients with alcohol use disorder and comorbid obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.PMID 42070571 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00305-3Study · Published · May 2, 2026 · LancetOpen source ↗

Orforglipron, an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Obesity Treatment.PMID 40960239 · DOI 10.1056/nejmoa2511774Study · Published · Sep 16, 2025 · The New England journal of medicineOpen source ↗

Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity.PMID 40353578 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394Study · Published · Jul 3, 2025 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.PMID 39937469 · DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4789Study · Published · Apr 1, 2025 · JAMA PsychiatryOpen source ↗

Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity.PMID 39555826 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027Study · Published · Jan 30, 2025 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial.PMID 38078870 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.24945Study · Published · Jan 2, 2024 · JAMAOpen source ↗

Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes.PMID 37952131 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2307563Study · Published · Dec 14, 2023 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.PMID 35658024 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038Study · Published · Jul 21, 2022 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.PMID 33567185 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183Study · Published · Mar 18, 2021 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.PMID 27295427 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827Study · Published · Jul 28, 2016 · N Engl J MedOpen source ↗

Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.PMID 34425083 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5Study · Published · Lancet Diabetes EndocrinolOpen source ↗

A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and/or Chronic Kidney Disease (ATTAIN-Outcomes)NCT NCT07241390Trial · Recruiting · Oct 8, 2026 · Eli Lilly and CompanyOpen registry record ↗

The Effect of Retatrutide Once Weekly on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Kidney Outcomes in Adults Living With Obesity (TRIUMPH-Outcomes)NCT NCT06383390Trial · Active, not recruiting · Oct 8, 2026 · Eli Lilly and CompanyOpen registry record ↗

A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) on the Reduction on Morbidity and Mortality in Adults With ObesityNCT NCT05556512Trial · Active, not recruiting · Oct 7, 2026 · Eli Lilly and CompanyOpen registry record ↗

Cessation or Reduction of Alcohol Consumption in Veterans: A Randomized Controlled Trial for Alcohol Use Disorder (CRAVE)NCT NCT07218354Trial · Recruiting · Sep 21, 2026 · VA Office of Research and DevelopmentOpen registry record ↗

A Study to Test the Effect of Survodutide (BI 456906) on Cardiovascular Safety in People With Overweight or Obesity (SYNCHRONIZE™ - CVOT)NCT NCT06077864Trial · Completed · Boehringer IngelheimOpen registry record ↗

Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome ResultsNCT NCT01179048Trial · Completed · Novo Nordisk A/SOpen registry record ↗

What would change our mind

If SURMOUNT-MMO (NCT05556512) or TRIUMPH-Outcomes (NCT06383390) is null on its primary cardiovascular endpoint, we would say obesity-related cardiovascular benefit is drug-specific (shown for semaglutide only) rather than a property of the class.

If CRAVE (NCT07218354) is null on its primary endpoint, the hub will say the alcohol-use-disorder signal was not confirmed in a large trial.

Check this next →

Receipts

A Study of Orforglipron (LY3502970) on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adults With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and/or Chronic Kidney Disease (ATTAIN-Outcomes)Eli Lilly and Company · checked Oct 11, 2026 · NCT NCT07241390; status:RECRUITING; primary completion 2031-08 (estimated)

GLP-1 medicines

Claims

Mapped studies / experiment families

Studies & active trials

What still isn't settled?

Experience / Logbook